Surgery is the primary treatment for kidney tumors. It considers several factors, including:

• Tumor Stage: Surgery is considered the gold standard for localized tumors; conversely, metastatic tumors may require other approaches such as immunotherapy.
• Tumor Size: In the case of tumor lesions, one may consider removing only the tumor lesion while preserving the rest of the organ.
• Renal Functionality: A patient with a single kidney (or with only one functioning kidney) may require conservative techniques to preserve the functioning renal tissue.

Fundamentally, surgical approaches include two alternatives:

• Radical Nephrectomy: This involves the removal of the entire organ and surrounding tissue, including the ipsilateral adrenal gland. It is considered for large tumors or when there is suspicion of extension beyond the kidney.
• Partial Nephrectomy: Also known as tumor resection, it involves the excision of only the neoplastic lesion, preserving the kidney. It is considered for small tumors or when renal function needs to be preserved.

Both partial and radical nephrectomy can be performed laparoscopically or robot-assisted. Both approaches allow for less invasiveness and quicker postoperative recovery.

In conclusion, surgical treatment of kidney tumors is a fundamental component in the management of this condition; however, the treatment plan should be personalized and discussed within a multidisciplinary team, including urologists, oncologists, and radiologists.

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